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Table 4 Intracellular and plasma cytokines and chemokines and their association with incidence of malaria during the first and second years of age.

From: Intermittent preventive treatment with sulfadoxine-pyrimethamine does not modify plasma cytokines and chemokines or intracellular cytokine responses to Plasmodium falciparum in Mozambican Children

  

5 - 12 months

12 - 24 months

  

Tertiles*

Two-fold increment†

Tertiles

Two-fold increment

  

Unadjusted

Adjusted‡

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Unadjusted

Adjusted

Cytokines and chemokines

IRR

95% CI

P value§

IRR

95% CI

P value

IRR

95% CI

P value

IRR

95% CI

P value

IRR

95% CI

P value

IRR

95% CI

P value

IRR

95% CI

P value

IRR

95% CI

P value

 

IFN-γ

3.24

1.13 - 9.33

0.052

4.62

1.58 - 13.47

0.004

1.21

1.03 - 1.43

0.021

1.26

1.07 - 1.49

0.003

0.95

0.38 - 2.39

0.635

0.68

0.32 - 1.45

0.533

0.97

0.84 - 1.11

0.639

0.96

0.85 - 1.08

0.5226

Intracellular

IL-4

1.49

0.64 - 3.48

0.645

1.31

0.62 - 2.77

0.783

1.19

0.90 - 1.58

0.212

1.17

0.91 - 1.49

0.213

0.53

0.20 - 1.37

0.404

0.78

0.35 - 1.72

0.816

0.81

0.60 - 1.10

0.178

0.95

0.75 - 1.20

0.6635

 

IL-10

3.11

1.12 - 8.67

0.086

3.40

1.30 - 8.89

0.033

1.32

1.04 - 1.67

0.022

1.38

1.11 - 1.71

0.004

0.97

0.38 - 2.47

0.989

1.39

0.68 - 2.82

0.239

0.98

0.80 - 1.20

0.833

0.96

0.82 - 1.12

0.5904

 

IL-2

2.71

0.94 - 7.83

0.131

2.13

0.83 - 5.42

0.219

1.19

0.97 - 1.45

0.083

1.11

0.95 - 1.29

0.200

1.54

0.66 - 3.59

0.423

1.98

1.01 - 3.90

0.055

1.12

0.98 - 1.29

0.090

1.11

1.00 - 1.24

0.051

 

IL-12

1.38

0.56 - 3.41

0.309

1.53

0.71 - 3.30

0.080

1.10

0.91 - 1.34

0.330

1.06

0.90 - 1.25

0.453

1.63

0.63 - 4.21

0.528

1.87

0.91 - 3.82

0.223

1.09

0.88 - 1.35

0.422

1.10

0.92 - 1.32

0.266

 

IFN-γ

0.92

0.37 - 2.32

0.929

0.99

0.44 - 2.21

0.378

1.00

0.89 - 1.13

0.992

0.98

0.89 - 1.08

0.706

1.28

0.56 - 2.93

0.836

3.60

1.79 - 7.23

0.001

1.05

0.95 - 1.16

0.316

1.16

1.07 - 1.26

0.0004

 

IL-1β

1.42

0.43 - 4.73

0.654

1.24

0.41 - 3.71

0.653

1.00

0.84 - 1.19

0.975

1.02

0.87 - 1.20

0.813

1.52

0.63 - 3.68

0.050

2.11

1.11 - 4.01

0.009

1.11

0.94 - 1.31

0.194

1.18

1.04 - 1.33

0.011

 

IL-6

1.03

0.40 - 2.69

0.967

1.05

0.45 - 2.45

0.967

1.00

0.85 - 1.18

0.979

1.02

0.88 - 1.19

0.747

1.52

0.67 - 3.46

0.609

1.86

0.95 - 3.63

0.184

1.10

0.95 - 1.26

0.194

1.16

1.03 - 1.30

0.013

Plasma

TNF

1.53

0.52 - 4.48

0.716

2.08

0.80 - 5.43

0.116

1.13

0.95 - 1.34

0.166

1.12

0.97 - 1.30

0.117

1.00

0.43 - 2.33

0.926

1.37

0.68 - 2.77

0.580

1.05

0.94 - 1.19

0.390

1.06

0.96 - 1.16

0.243

 

IL-4

1.28

0.48 - 3.41

0.506

1.21

0.53 - 2.78

0.516

1.08

0.94 - 1.24

0.253

1.07

0.95 - 1.20

0.271

1.83

0.82 - 4.07

0.168

2.26

1.19 - 4.27

0.041

1.11

0.98 - 1.25

0.093

1.16

1.05 - 1.29

0.004

 

IL-5

1.67

0.58 - 4.80

0.618

1.74

0.69 - 4.37

0.485

1.13

0.87 - 1.48

0.347

1.05

0.84 - 1.32

0.652

1.90

0.77 - 4.69

0.329

2.80

1.43 - 5.49

0.001

1.15

0.89 - 1.49

0.289

1.39

1.13 - 1.70

0.002

 

IL-13

1.35

0.46 - 3.92

0.527

1.70

0.66 - 4.37

0.114

1.22

0.92 - 1.62

0.157

1.19

0.94 - 1.50

0.132

3.33

1.21 - 9.15

0.038

3.26

1.45 - 7.32

0.016

1.42

1.11 - 1.81

0.005

1.32

1.07 - 1.62

0.006

 

IL-10

3.36

1.27 - 8.87

0.035

3.06

1.21 - 7.76

0.025

1.28

1.04 - 1.57

0.016

1.17

0.99 - 1.38

0.059

3.61

1.60 - 8.13

0.009

2.30

1.19 - 4.44

0.045

1.43

1.16 - 1.75

0.0004

1.25

1.06 - 1.47

0.006

 

IL-7

1.77

0.62 - 5.04

0.529

1.41

0.56 - 3.52

0.594

1.26

0.92 - 1.73

0.137

1.10

0.85 - 1.43

0.456

1.56

0.62 - 3.96

0.242

2.16

1.09 - 4.30

0.029

1.20

0.88 - 1.65

0.245

1.34

1.04 - 1.72

0.019

 

IL-17

0.67

0.25 - 1.83

0.622

0.76

0.33 - 1.74

0.551

1.01

0.83 - 1.23

0.914

1.04

0.88 - 1.22

0.681

0.78

0.30 - 2.00

0.055

0.80

0.36 - 1.77

0.278

0.97

0.79 - 1.20

0.785

0.92

0.78 - 1.09

0.342

 

G-CSF

1.83

0.64 - 5.27

0.439

2.42

0.95 - 6.20

0.074

1.25

0.95 - 1.64

0.102

1.21

0.96 - 1.53

0.085

2.41

0.90 - 6.46

0.207

3.10

1.46 - 6.56

0.013

1.25

1.00 - 1.55

0.048

1.35

1.13 - 1.63

0.001

 

GM-CSF

1.19

0.41 - 3.42

0.945

1.19

0.48 - 2.97

0.490

1.05

0.92 - 1.21

0.475

1.04

0.93 - 1.16

0.517

1.63

0.64 - 4.10

0.187

2.41

1.16 - 5.05

0.011

1.11

0.99 - 1.26

0.077

1.13

1.03 - 1.24

0.010

 

MCP-1

3.01

1.18 - 7.63

0.064

3.16

1.37 - 7.25

0.015

1.64

1.21 - 2.23

0.001

1.66

1.29 - 2.15

< 0.001

3.07

1.34 - 7.06

0.008

2.85

1.43 - 5.69

0.007

1.31

1.02 - 1.69

0.038

1.36

1.11 - 1.67

0.003

 

MIP-1β

0.52

0.20 - 1.35

0.113

0.83

0.34 - 2.07

0.341

0.92

0.67 - 1.27

0.620

1.10

0.80 - 1.51

0.571

1.50

0.67 - 3.40

0.396

0.98

0.50 - 1.94

0.329

0.98

0.78 - 1.24

0.859

0.93

0.76 - 1.13

0.430

 

IL-8

0.68

0.27 - 1.71

0.646

0.77

0.34 - 1.73

0.809

0.95

0.79 - 1.14

0.580

0.98

0.82 - 1.16

0.781

0.72

0.32 - 1.62

0.402

0.61

0.30 - 1.22

0.100

0.95

0.80 - 1.12

0.543

0.97

0.84 - 1.11

0.633

  1. For each time interval (5 to 12 months and 12 to 24 months) P values correspond to each one of the analyses methods used.
  2. * Incidence rate ratio in high tertile relative to low tertile
  3. † Incidence rate ratio in two-fold increment
  4. ‡ Adjusted by treatment group, gender, previous episodes of clinical malaria, current infection, neighborhood
  5. § Negative binomial regression model using likelihood ratio test. In bold, P values that remained statistically significant (P < 0.05) or border line significant (P < 0.095) after Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. Corrected P values (in order from top to bottom, left to right): intracellular IFN-γ, 0.083, 0.052; intracellular IL-10, 0.076; plasma IFN-γ, 0.022, 0.008; plasma IL4, 0.077; IL-5, 0.027, 0.031; IL-13, 0.093; plasma IL-10, 0.008; G-CSF, 0.018; MCP-1, 0.019, 0.002, 0.053.