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Table 1 ATRA, 9-cis RA and 13-cis RA significantly increase the production of Th2-associated cytokines from anti-CD3-stimulated PBMC cultures in a dose-dependent fashion.

From: The Retinoic Acid Receptor-α mediates human T-cell activation and Th2 cytokine and chemokine production

IL-4

Fold vs Control ± SE (n = 3)

 

Doses (nM)

 

1

10

100

1000

Retinoid

    

   ATRA

1.7 ± 0.55

2.4 ± 0.40

2.5 ± 0.48

2.7 ± 0.64

   9-cis-RA

1.2 ± 0.05

2.3 ± 0.38

2.3 ± 0.57

2.4 ± 0.65

   13-cis-RA

1.2 ± 0.13

1.7 ± 0.25

1.7 ± 0.42

1.8 ± 0.30

   4-HPR

0.7 ± 0.11

0.8 ± 0.18

1.0 ± 0.13

1.6 ± 0.45

2-way ANOVA

    

   Dose

p = 0.02

   

   Retinoid

p = 0.0003

   

Tukey Kramer

    

   Dose

p < 0.05

1 nM vs 100 nM

  

1 nM vs 1000 nM

   Retinoid

p < 0.01

4-HPR vs ATRA

 

p < 0.01

4-HPR vs 9-cis-RA

IL-5

Fold vs Control ± SE (n = 3)

 

Doses (nM)

 

1

10

100

1000

Retinoid

    

   ATRA

1.9 ± 0.41

2.4 ± 1.0

2.8 ± 1.1

3.1 ± 1.3

   9-cis-RA

1.0 ± 0.10

2.4 ± 1.0

3.0 ± 0.85

3.0 ± 1.1

   13-cis-RA

1.3 ± 0.31

1.6 ± 0.45

1.9 ± 0.67

2.0 ± 0.84

   4-HPR

0.8 ± 0.05

0.9 ± 0.26

1.2 ± 0.40

1.5 ± 0.30

2-way ANOVA

    

   Dose

p = 0.07

   

   Retinoid

p = 0.005

   

Tukey Kramer

    

   Retinoid

p < 0.05

4-HPR vs 9-cis RA

 

p < 0.01

4-HPR vs ATRA