Table 3 ATRA, 9-cis RA and 13-cis RA significantly increase the expression of CD38 and CD69 on T cells in anti-CD3-stimulated PBMC cultures in a dose-dependentfashion.

Dose (nM)

1

10

100

1000

Retinoid

ATRA

1.49 ± 0.07

1.60 ± 0.05

1.63 ± 0.07

1.67 ± 0.05

9-cis-RA

1.11 ± 0.02

1.43 ± 0.02

1.77 ± 0.08

1.93 ± 0.02

13-cis-RA

1.28 ± 0.06

1.50 ± 0.06

1.68 ± 0.10

1.71 ± 0.08

4-HPR

1.11 ± 0.02

1.15 ± 0.02

1.20 ± 0.02

1.66 ± 0.19

2-way ANOVA

Dose

p = 0.0001

Retinoid

p < 0.0001

Tukey Kramer

Dose

p < 0.01

1 nM vs 10 nM

1 nM vs 100 nM

1 nM vs 1000 nM

Retinoid

p < 0.01

4-HPR vs ATRA

4-HPR vs 9-cis RA

4-HPR vs 13-cis RA

CD69 MCN

Fold vs Control ± SE (n = 3)

Dose (nM)

1

10

100

1000

Retinoid

ATRA

1.29 ± 11.0

1.27 ± 10.5

1.40 ± 0.14

1.46 ± 0.15

9- cis -RA

1.07 ± 3.4

1.27 ± 8.2

1.59 ± 0.16

1.64 ± 0.15

13- cis -RA

0.99 ± 4.0

1.12 ± 3.4

1.24 ± 0.08

1.33 ± 0.11

4-HPR

0.85 ± 6.2

0.86 ± 3.3

0.94 ± 0.04

1.08 ± 0.04

2-way ANOVA

Dose

p = 0.0001

Retinoid

p < 0.0001

Tukey Kramer

Dose

p < 0.01

1 nM vs 100 nM

1 nM vs 1000 nM

Retinoid

p < 0.01

4-HPR vs ATRA

4-HPR vs 9-cis-RA

4-HPR vs 13-cis-RA