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  1. Vascular calcification is often associated with chronic inflammation and is a risk factor for brain arterial stiffness. Our previous results showed that miR32-5p was positively correlated with vascular smooth ...

    Authors: Jingsong Cao, Ling Chen, Xiaoling Zhong, Yingying Shen, Yan Gao, Qian Chen, Xuyu Zu and Jianghua Liu

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2020 21:3

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  4. Cold stress, which may lead to local and systemic injury, is reported to be related to the immune system, especially the complement system. At present, the lack of effective treatment is a critical issue. Amen...

    Authors: Jiayi Cai, Chunyang Zhao, Yajie Du, Yuan Huang and Qingchun Zhao

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:49

    Content type: Research article

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  5. Yersinia pestis, the etiological pathogen of plague, is capable of repressing the immune response of white blood cells to evade phagocytosis. The V-antigen (LcrV) was found to be involved in this process by bindi...

    Authors: Tiandi Wei, Jing Gong, Guojing Qu, Mingyu Wang and Hai Xu

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:48

    Content type: Research article

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  6. Expansion of type 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) in hypercholesterolaemic mice protects against atherosclerosis while different ILC2 subsets have been described (natural, inflammatory) based on their suppress...

    Authors: Polyxeni T. Mantani, Pontus Dunér, Irena Ljungcrantz, Jan Nilsson, Harry Björkbacka and Gunilla Nordin Fredrikson

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:47

    Content type: Research article

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  7. Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is one of the most complex complications after allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Current standard of grading system is based on clinical symptoms in skin, liver and intesti...

    Authors: Ping Zhang, Shujun Yang, Yujing Zou, Xiao Yan, Hao Wu, Miao Zhou, Yong Cheng Sun, Yi Zhang, Huiling Zhu, Kaihong Xu, Yi Wang, Li Xia Sheng, Qitian Mu, Liguang Sun and Guifang Ouyang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:46

    Content type: Research article

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  8. Ethiopia initiated antiretroviral therapy early in 2005. Managing and detecting antiretroviral treatment response is important to monitor the effectiveness of medication and possible drug switching for low imm...

    Authors: Hadush Negash, Haftom Legese, Mebrahtu Tefera, Fitsum Mardu, Kebede Tesfay, Senait Gebresilasie, Berhane Fseha, Tsega Kahsay, Aderajew Gebrewahd and Brhane Berhe

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:45

    Content type: Research article

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  9. High-dose intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg), and more recently, subcutaneously-delivered Ig (SCIg), are used to treat a variety of autoimmune diseases; however, there are challenges associated with product pro...

    Authors: Bonnie J. B. Lewis, Jade Ville, Megan Blacquiere, Selena Cen, Rolf Spirig, Adrian W. Zuercher, Fabian Käsermann and Donald R. Branch

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:44

    Content type: Research article

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  10. Mutant peptides presented by cancer cells are superior vaccine candidates than self peptides. The efficacy of mutant K-Ras, P53 and EGFR (Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor) peptides have been tested as cancer v...

    Authors: Deng Pan, Dapeng Zhou, Weijing Cai, Weibo Wu, Wen Ling Tan, Caicun Zhou and Yanyan Lou

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:43

    Content type: Research article

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  11. Myeloid cells, especially mononuclear phagocytes, which include monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DC), play vital roles in innate immunity, and in the initiation and maintenance of adaptive immunity....

    Authors: Hong Liu, Suryasarathi Dasgupta, Yu Fu, Brandi Bailey, Christian Roy, Eric Lightcap and Benjamin Faustin

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:42

    Content type: Research article

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  12. While the 23-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPV23) is routinely used in Canada and some other countries to prevent pneumococcal infection in adults with chronic kidney disease (CKD), patients deve...

    Authors: Gabrielle Nicole Gaultier, William McCready and Marina Ulanova

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:41

    Content type: Research article

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  13. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a key component of innate immunity. Low serum MBL levels, related to promoter polymorphism and structural variants, have been associated with an increased risk of infection. The...

    Authors: M. Puente, C. Fariñas-Alvarez, A. Moreto, P. Sánchez-Velasco, J. G. Ocejo-Vinyals and M. C. Fariñas

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:40

    Content type: Research article

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  14. Induction therapy of multiple myeloma patients prior to autologous stem cell transplantation has changed from conventional chemotherapy to treatment based on proteasome inhibitors or immunomodulatory drugs. We...

    Authors: Ida Marie Rundgren, Elisabeth Ersvær, Aymen Bushra Ahmed, Anita Ryningen and Øystein Bruserud

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:39

    Content type: Research article

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  15. Helios has been reported to stabilize regulatory T (Treg) suppressive function. Programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) expression in three human monocyte subsets modulates immune responses. Recently, our team ...

    Authors: Lifeng Liu, Qiuyue Zhang, Peng Chen, Na Guo, Aixin Song, Xiaojie Huang, Wei Xia, Li Li, Christiane Moog, Hao Wu, Bin Su and Tong Zhang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:38

    Content type: Research article

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  16. Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common complication of systemic lupus erythematosus that presents a high risk of end-stage renal disease. In the present study, we used CIBERSORT and gene set enrichment analysis (GSE...

    Authors: Yiling Cao, Weihao Tang and Wanxin Tang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:37

    Content type: Research article

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  17. A previous study demonstrated pleural fluid (PF) IgA immunodominance for the fused MT10.3:MPT64 protein in pleural tuberculosis (PLTB) cases. However, no clue on the role of IgA and IgG against this and other ...

    Authors: Renan Jeremias da Silva, Raquel da Silva Corrêa, Isabela Gama Sardella, Ana Carla de Paulo Mulinari, Thiago Thomaz Mafort, Ana Paula Santos, Rogério Rufino, Luciana Silva Rodrigues and Maria Helena Féres Saad

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:36

    Content type: Research article

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  18. HIV-infected individuals with latent TB infection are at increased risk of developing active TB. HAART greatly reduces the incidence rate of TB in HIV-infected patients and reconstitutes Mycobacterium tuberculosi...

    Authors: Girmay Desalegn, Aster Tsegaye, Dawit Gebreegziabiher, Abraham Aseffa and Rawleigh Howe

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:35

    Content type: Research article

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  19. Resident macrophages (Mø) originating from yolk sac Mø and/or foetal monocytes colonise tissues/organs during embryonic development. They persist into adulthood by self-renewal at a steady state, independent o...

    Authors: Kazushige Ogawa, Mayu Tsurutani, Aya Hashimoto and Miharu Soeda

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:34

    Content type: Methodology article

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  20. Cytokines, chemokines, adipocytokines, soluble cell receptors, and immune activation markers play an important role in immune responsiveness and can provide prognostic value since they reflect underlying condi...

    Authors: Najib Aziz, Roger Detels, Joshua J. Quint, David Gjertson, Timothy Ryner and Anthony W. Butch

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:33

    Content type: Research article

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  21. The development of Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) has been associated with the balance of Th17 and Treg cells. IL-2 and rapamycin can influence the populations of both Th17 and Treg cells. However, it is u...

    Authors: Chunmiao Zhao, Yanfang Chu, Zhaoyun Liang, Bingying Zhang, Xuxia Wang, Xiaona Jing, Meihua Hao, Yiqi Wang, Jia An, Xingzhe Zhang, Liguang Sun and Junwei Chen

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:32

    Content type: Research article

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  22. The immune reconstitution after initiation of highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) among HIV-infected individuals substantially affects patients’ prognosis. However, the dynamic characteristics and pre...

    Authors: Chong-Xi Li, Yu-Ye Li, Li-Ping He, Jing Kou, Jin-Song Bai, Jun Liu, Bo Tian, Li-Juan Cao, Kun-Hua Wang and Yi-Qun Kuang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:31

    Content type: Research article

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  23. The persistent the inflammatory condition in multiple sclerosis (MS) may due to the aberrant regulation of the elimination of the pathogenic autoreactive lymphocytes through apoptosis. Survivin, encoded by the...

    Authors: Dariush Rahban, Forogh Mohammadi, Mehdi Alidadi, Taha Ghantabpour, Pedram Abbasi Ghasem Kheyli and Majid Ahmadi

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:30

    Content type: Research article

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  24. We sought to compare Pneumovax®23 responses in adults with subnormal IgG subclass concentrations. We studied adults with normal total IgG, frequent/severe respiratory infection, and subnormal IgG1, IgG3, or Ig...

    Authors: Antony R. Parker, Markus Skold, Stephen Harding, J. Clayborn Barton, Luigi F. Bertoli and James C. Barton

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:29

    Content type: Research article

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  25. The aim of the current study was to investigate the long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) expression profiles in psoriatic arthritis (PSA) patients by RNA sequencing, and to further explore potential biomarkers that we...

    Authors: Tao Yue, Mei Ji, Huanru Qu, Mengru Guo, Fengmin Bai, Zhanming Zhang, Weifeng Wang, Xuming Gong and Zhenghua Zhang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:28

    Content type: Research article

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  26. Immune inhibitory receptors play an important role in chronic infections. However, little is known about their role in hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Here, we analyzed the relationship between programmed d...

    Authors: Yuejiao Dong, Xuefen Li, Lu Zhang, Qiaoyun Zhu, Chunlei Chen, Jiaqi Bao and Yu Chen

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:27

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  27. T follicular helper (Tfh) cells play a control role in contribution of B cell differentiation and antibody production. T follicular regulatory (Tfr) cells inhibit Tfh-B cell interaction.

    Authors: Lin Yan, Yamei Li, Yi Li, Xiaojuan Wu, Xianding Wang, Lanlan Wang, Yunying Shi and Jiangtao Tang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:26

    Content type: Research article

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  28. In this study, seven adjuvants were compared for use with Plasmodium falciparum DiCo-Apical Membrane Antigen 1 (Pf-DiCo-AMA1), with the aim to identify an ideal adjuvant which yields high antibody titres and pote...

    Authors: Sumera Younis, Bart W. Faber, Clemens H.M. Kocken and Edmond J. Remarque

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:25

    Content type: Research article

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  29. Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating and autoimmune disease and its immune response is not fully elucidated. This study was conducted to examine the pathological changes and B cell subsets in experimental aut...

    Authors: Yingqiong Xiong, Shaomin Cheng, Xiaomu Wu, Yue Ren and Xufang Xie

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:24

    Content type: Research article

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  30. Proinflammatory genes are highly expressed in several metabolic disorders associated with obesity. But it is not clarified whether gene expression levels and downstream inflammatory markers are related to the ...

    Authors: Parichehr Amiri, Behzad Baradaran, Maryam Saghafi-Asl, Mahsa Naghizadeh, Dariush Shanehbandi, Nahid Karamzad and Sepideh Zununi Vahed

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:23

    Content type: Research article

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  31. C5a is important for antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)-mediated activation of neutrophils. The present study aimed to assess the role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) in ANCA-mediated a...

    Authors: Jian Hao, Tiegang Lv, Liping Xu, Mao Ran and Kaili Wu

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:22

    Content type: Research article

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  32. Autoimmune diseases result from aberrant immune attacks by the body itself. It is mysterious how autoantigens, a large cohort of seemingly unconnected molecules expressed in different parts of the body, can in...

    Authors: Wei Zhang, Jung-hyun Rho, Michael H. Roehrl and Julia Y. Wang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:21

    Content type: Research article

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  33. CD44 is a multifunctional molecule that plays major roles in both leukocyte recruitment and tissue proliferation. Since mucosal hyperplasia and leukocyte infiltration of the middle ear cavity are major feature...

    Authors: Hyun Woo Lim, Kwang Pak, Arwa Kurabi and Allen F. Ryan

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:20

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  34. The adaptive immune system maintains a diversity of T cells capable of recognizing a broad array of antigens. Each T cell’s specificity for antigens is determined by its T cell receptors (TCRs), which together...

    Authors: Nathaniel D. Chu, Haixin Sarah Bi, Ryan O. Emerson, Anna M. Sherwood, Michael E. Birnbaum, Harlan S. Robins and Eric J. Alm

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:19

    Content type: Research article

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  35. Mouse models have been extremely valuable in identifying the fundamental mechanisms of airway inflammation that underlie human allergic asthma. Several models are commonly used, employing different methods and...

    Authors: Evelyn J. Hyde, Kirsty A. Wakelin, Naomi J. Daniels, Sayani Ghosh and Franca Ronchese

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:18

    Content type: Research article

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  36. Early diagnosis of bacterial sepsis in neonates is hampered by non-specific symptoms and the lack of rapid responding laboratory measures. The biomarker soluble CD14 subtype (sCD14-ST) seems promising in the d...

    Authors: Iris van Maldeghem, Charlotte M. Nusman and Douwe H. Visser

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:17

    Content type: Research article

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  37. Both antibody secreting cells (ASCs) and memory B cells are essential for the maintenance of humoral immunity. To date, limit studies have focused on the two populations in Kawasaki disease (KD). To address th...

    Authors: Meng Xu, Yanfang Jiang, Jinghua Wang, Jinxiang Liu, Congcong Liu, Deying Liu and Sirui Yang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:16

    Content type: Research article

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  38. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) deficiency may increase risk of respiratory tract infection in adults unselected for IgG or IgG subclass levels. In a retrospective study, we sought to determine associations of se...

    Authors: James C. Barton, Jackson C. Barton and Luigi F. Bertoli

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:15

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  39. Natural Killer (NK) cells are effector lymphocytes of the innate immune system and are subclassed into CD56BrightCD16Dim/− and CD56DimCD16+ NK cells. Intracellular calcium (Ca2+) is fundamental to regulate a numb...

    Authors: Cassandra Balinas, Helene Cabanas, Donald Staines and Sonya Marshall-Gradisnik

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:14

    Content type: Research article

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  40. Tristetraprolin (TTP) is an RNA binding protein that plays a critical role in regulating proinflammatory immune responses by destabilizing target mRNAs via binding to their AU-rich elements (AREs) in the 3′-UT...

    Authors: Yafang Tu, Xiongfei Wu, Fengyun Yu, Jianzhong Dang, Juan Wang, Yaxun Wei, Zhitao Cai, Zhipeng Zhou, Wenliang Liao, Lian Li and Yi Zhang

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:13

    Content type: Research article

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  41. High Immunoglobulin G (IgG) response to Plasmodium falciparum antigens is associated with partial malaria protection in sickle hemoglobin (HbS) children. However, this response has been more studied in children w...

    Authors: George Msema Bwire, Mtebe Majigo, Robert Makalla, Lillian Nkinda, Akili Mawazo, Mucho Mizinduko and Julie Makani

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:12

    Content type: Research article

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  42. Acute cellular rejection (ACR) is associated with complications after kidney transplantation, such as graft dysfunction and graft loss. Early risk assessment is therefore critical for the improvement of transp...

    Authors: Nicole Wittenbrink, Sabrina Herrmann, Arturo Blazquez-Navarro, Chris Bauer, Eric Lindberg, Kerstin Wolk, Robert Sabat, Petra Reinke, Birgit Sawitzki, Oliver Thomusch, Christian Hugo, Nina Babel, Harald Seitz and Michal Or-Guil

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:11

    Content type: Research article

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  43. Previously, we demonstrated up-regulated activated CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes as well as up-regulated cytotoxic NK cells in the blood of patients with idiopathic recurrent miscarriage. In the present study, w...

    Authors: Li Zhu, Mostafa Aly, Ruben Jeremias Kuon, Bettina Toth, Haihao Wang, Hristos Karakizlis, Rolf Weimer, Christian Morath, Eman Ibrahim, Naruemol Ekpoom, Gerhard Opelz and Volker Daniel

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:10

    Content type: Research article

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  44. Active immunotherapy targeting amyloid-β (Aβ) is a promising treatment for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Numerous preclinical studies and clinical trials demonstrated that a safe and effective AD vaccine should in...

    Authors: Ping Yang, Yongqing Guo, Yao Sun, Bin Yu, Haihong Zhang, Jiaxin Wu, Xianghui Yu, Hui Wu and Wei Kong

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:9

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  45. Natural killer cell responses to virally-infected or transformed cells depend on the integration of signals received through inhibitory and activating natural killer cell receptors. Human Leukocyte Antigen nul...

    Authors: Alexandra Tremblay-McLean, Sita Coenraads, Zahra Kiani, Franck P. Dupuy and Nicole F. Bernard

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:8

    Content type: Research article

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  46. Systemic inflammation and the fever response to pathogens are coordinately regulated by IL-6 and IL-1β. We previously showed that CEACAM1 regulates the LPS driven expression of IL-1β in murine neutrophils thro...

    Authors: Zhifang Zhang, Deirdre La Placa, Tung Nguyen, Maciej Kujawski, Keith Le, Lin Li and John E. Shively

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:7

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  48. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are extensively used for research of immune cell functions, identification of biomarkers and development of diagnostics and therapeutics for human diseases, amo...

    Authors: Adriana Navas, Lina Giraldo-Parra, Miguel Darío Prieto, Juliana Cabrera and María Adelaida Gómez

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:5

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

  50. T cell activation induces ER stress and upregulates Inositol Requiring Enzyme 1 alpha (IRE1α), an activator of the unfolded protein response (UPR) pathway. Inhibition of IRE1α RNase activity in activated CD4+ spl...

    Authors: Cody Poe, Cheyanne Youngblood, Karissa Hodge and Kyeorda Kemp

    Citation: BMC Immunology 2019 20:3

    Content type: Research article

    Published on:

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